Three new Glossoscolex (Annelida: Crassiclitellata: Glossoscolecidae) in the truncatus group from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Three new earthworm species of Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) in the truncatus species group (intra-clitellar male pores on segment 17) are described: Glossoscolex araucariaensis sp. nov., Glossoscolex cardosoi sp. nov., and Glossoscolex santarosaensis sp. nov. from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The three earthworm species were distinguished based on the shape and position of the copulatory pouches (all species), the shape of the calciferous glands (G. santarosaensis) and by the presence of tubercula pubertatis and seminal vesicles restricted to segment 12 (G. cardosoi). All are endogeic, unpigmented and were found in low abundances in the topsoil (0-20 cm depth) of Araucaria forest and plantations, a lowland grass pasture and a shrubby grassland, respectively, and are known only from their type-localities. A table containing some of the main internal and external morphological characteristics of the 29 species/subspecies of the Glossoscolex truncatus group is provided in order to assist comparisons within species. Glossoscolex grandis ibirai Righi, 1971 is raised to species rank due to longer extent of clitellum and presence of genital markings, compared to Glossoscolex grandis (Michaelsen, 1892); furthermore, a new subgroup (matogrossensis) of Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) is proposed to accomodate G. matogrossensis Righi, 1984, with intraclitellar male pores in 15/16. Some considerations on the ecological and taxonomic affinities within the truncatus group are presented, but further studies, particularly genetic are needed in order to better assess phylogenetic relationships within Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) species groups.

Percepciones y reconocimiento local de fauna silvestre, municipio de alcalá, departamento del valle del cauca, colombia / Wildlife perception and recognition in the municipality of alcalá, department del valle del cauca, colombia

En los Andes centrales de Colombia se documentaron las percepciones y reconocimiento local de aves, mamíferos, anfibios y reptiles. Se entrevistó a campesinos con edad superior a 30 años para situar áreas de hábitat y reconocer especies en usos y coberturas del terreno. El reconocimiento de los agricultores se tradujo por los investigadores-mediadores en la formulación de categorías taxonómicas con visitas a los predios, avistamiento y la ayuda de guías de campo. Se reconocieron 168 especies: 103 de aves, 31 de mamíferos, 17 de anfibios y 17 de reptiles. Cuatro Análisis de Componentes Principales relacionaron la mayor competencia de campesinos para reconocer y percibir aves, mamíferos, anfibios y reptiles con diferencias significativas en los usos del terreno (valor p < 0,01, prueba Monte Carlo); se separaron las especies de aves para uso directo y hábito alimentario; mamíferos para uso directo e indirecto; se agruparon los reptiles con valor de uso comercial, ornamental, artesanal y cacería. Las aves fueron las de mayor presencia en los usos y coberturas del terreno (frutales, 47,5%; platanal/bananal, 45%; cafetales con sombrío, 40%). Se confirmó la necesidad del encuentro con los repertorios culturales locales para potenciar la política pública de conservación de la diversidad biológica y la asociación de la calidad de los hábitats para la fauna silvestre con los estilos de agricultura de la localidad.

To document the perception and recognition of local bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile species, located in the Central Andes of Colombia were selected. Farmers aged 30 years and older were interviewed to identify areas of habitat, species, and land use coverage. The local recognition made by the local farmers was translated by researchers into taxa, complemented with visits to farms, sightseen, and with the help of field guides. Overall, 168 species were documented of which 103 corresponded to birds, 31 to mammals, 17 to amphibians, and 17 to reptiles. The results of four principal component analyses show that the local farmers are capable of recognizing and perception birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles, with significant differences in land uses (p < 0.01, Monte Carlo test). Bird species were grouped according to direct use and eating habits; mammals were grouped according to direct and indirect use; and finally reptiles were grouped according to use as commercial, ornamental, artisanal, and hunting. Birds ranked highest in presence in all land uses and such land covers (fruit trees, 47.5%; plantain and banana plantations, 45%; shade-grown coffee, 40%). The needs for meetings and the acquisition of local cultural repertoires to improve governmental policies regarding biodiversity conservation and to relate wildlife habitat quality with local farming systems was confirmed.

Uso de la tierra y diversidades alfa, beta y gamma de diplópodos en la cuenca del río Otún, Colombia / Land use and alpha, beta, and gamma diversity of Diplopoda in the Otún basin, Colombia / Diversidade alfa, beta, gama de diplópodes segundo o uso do solo na bacia do Rio Otún, Colômbia

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los cambios promovidos por la intervención humana en ecosistemas y agrosistemas y la diversidad alfa, beta y gamma de Diplopoda de la cuenca media del río Otún. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un diseño sistemático estratificado con la selección de siete ventanas y 16 puntos de muestreo. Se separaron los diplópodos en familias y morfotipos para calcular la diversidad alfa, beta y gamma relacionada con la heterogeneidad de usos del terreno. Resultados: Se identificaron 35 morfotipos de 12 familias y cinco órdenes. La diversidad alfa de Diplopoda evidenció diferencias significativas entre usos del terreno (P < 0,05) y la disminución de ésta desde áreas más conservadas hacia las transformadas por procesos antrópicos. Se encontró alto número de morfotipos exclusivos entre relicto de selva y barbecho con bajo recambio de especies entre ellos, mientras que los pastizales, cultivos y plantaciones presentaron similar número de morfotipos pero el recambio entre ellos fue alto (complementariedad > 85%) a pesar de la baja diversidad en los usos, lo que determinó la alta contribución de la diversidad beta a la diversidad gamma del paisaje. Conclusión: La heterogeneidad de usos de la tierra mostró que los cambios modifican la estructura de la diversidad de diplópodos con gradientes que se separan desde los conservados hasta los altamente transformados.

Objective: To determine the relationship between changes in ecosystems and agrosystems provoked by human intervention and the alpha, beta and gamma diversity of the Diplopoda in the middle basin of the Otún river. Materials and methods: In this research we used a stratified systematic design with seven sampling windows and 16 sampling points. Millipedes were divided into families and morphotypes to calculate the alpha, beta and gamma diversity related to the heterogeneity of land uses. Results: We identified 35 morphotypes from 12 families and five orders. Alpha diversity of Diplopoda revealed significant differences between land uses (P <0.05) and a decrease of richness from preserved areas to transformed areas by human activity. A high number of exclusive morphotypes were found in forest relicts and fallow with low species turnover between them, while the pastures, crop fields and plantations presented similar numbers of morphotypes but the species turnover between them was high (complementarity > 85%) in spite of the low diversity in the land uses, which determined the high contribution of the beta diversity to the gamma diversity of the landscape. Conclusion: The heterogeneity of land uses showed that the changes modify the structure of diversity in Diplopoda with gradients diverging from the preserved ones to the highly transformed ones.

Objetivo: Determinar as relações entre as alterações provocadas pela intervençõo humana nos ecossistemas e agrossistemas e a diversidade alfa, beta e gama de Diplopoda da bacia meia do rio Otún. Materiais e métodos: Foi utilizado um desenho amostral estratificado sistemático com a seleçõo de sete janelas de estudo e 16 pontos de amostragem. Os diplópodes foram separados em famílias e morfotipos para o cálculo da diversidade alfa, beta e gama e posteriormente estas foram relacionadas com a heterogeneidade dos usos do solo. Resultados: Foram identificados 35 morfotipos de 12 famílias e cinco ordens. A diversidade alfa de Diplopoda apresentou diferenças significativas entre os usos da terra (P <0,05) e diminuiçõo desde áreas mais conservadas até aquelas transformadas por processos antrópicos. Observou-se um elevado número de morfotipos exclusivos entre vestígio de floresta e barbechos com baixa mudança de espécies entre eles, enquanto pastagens, lavouras e plantações tiveram números semelhantes de morfotipos; embora, a mudança de especies entre eles foi alta (complementaridade> 85%), apesar da baixa diversidade nos usos, o qual determinou à alta contribuiçõo da diversidade beta à diversidade gama da paisagem. Conclusõo: A heterogeneidade dos usos do solo apresentou que as mudanças alteram a estrutura da diversidade dos diplópodes com gradientes desde os conservados até os altamente transformados.